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What is NMN?
NMN
stands for Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, a molecule that occurs
naturally in all life forms. At the molecular level, it is a
ribonucleotide, the basic building block of nucleic acid RNA. NMN is a
direct precursor of the biologically essential molecule NAD+
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and is considered a key component in
increasing NAD+ levels in biological cells.
Anti-aging properties of NMN
Prof.
David Sinclair, professor of biology and genetics at Harvard
University, proposes that the body loses NAD+ with age, "and the
resulting decline in sirtuin activity, which is thought to be the result
of our body's aging A major cause of disease that doesn’t happen when
we’re young.” Prof. David Sinclair believes that increasing NAD+ levels
during aging may slow or reverse some of the body’s aging processes. The
increase of NAD+ in the human body can be achieved by absorbing NMN
through diet.
NMN and improve exercise endurance
Studies
have found that oral administration of NMN powder increases the ability
of adult runners to consume oxygen in their muscles. What's more,
taking NMN also improved the ability of human skeletal muscles to use
oxygen to produce energy more efficiently during endurance exercise. In
addition, studies have also found that NAD+ is one of the keys to
maintaining healthy mitochondrial function and stable energy output. The
increase of NAD+ in the human body can be achieved by absorbing NMN
through diet.
Is it OK to take NAD+ directly to increase the amount of NAD+ in the body?
According
to Prof. David Sinclair, professor of biology and genetics at Harvard
University, "feeding or administering NAD+ directly to an organism is
not a viable option. NAD+ molecules cannot easily cross cell membranes
into cells and therefore cannot have a positive effect on metabolism. ,
the precursor molecules that make NAD+ must be used to increase the
level of NAD+.” This means that NAD+ cannot be used as a direct
supplement because it is not easily absorbed. NAD+ precursor NMN is
easier to absorb and is a more effective supplement.
The human body uses NMN to make NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Our
bodies naturally produce NAD+ from smaller components or precursors.
There are five main precursors in the human body: tryptophan,
nicotinamide (Nam), niacin (NA or niacin), nicotinamide riboside (NR),
and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). Among them, NMN represents one of
the final steps in NAD+ synthesis, and it and other precursors can be
derived from the diet. Once in the body, our cells can synthesize NAD+
through several different pathways. In addition, direct infusion of NMN
into the body resulted in increased NAD+ in many parts of the body,
including the pancreas, adipose tissue, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys,
testes, eyes and blood vessels. In experiments, oral administration of
NMN in mice increased NAD+ in the liver within 15 minutes.
What does NAD+ do?
NAD+
is the most abundant molecule in the human body other than water, and
without it, the organism would die. NAD+ plays a particularly active
role in the metabolic processes of organisms, such as glycolysis, the
TCA cycle (AKA Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle), and the electron
transport chain, and these functions take place in the mitochondria of
organisms (mitochondria are cellular The powerhouse responsible for
generating the chemical energy our bodies use) and is the way organisms
(including humans) obtain cellular energy.
what is DNA
DNA,
deoxyribonucleic acid (English: deoxyribonucleic acid, abbreviation:
DNA), also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, is a biological macromolecule
that guides biological development and life functions, and can also
form genetic instructions. As organisms age, they develop DNA damage
from environmental factors such as radiation, pollution, and imprecise
DNA replication. According to current theories of aging, the
accumulation of DNA damage is the main cause of aging.
Why we should care about NAD+
Since
its discovery in 1906, NAD+ has attracted the attention of scientists
for its abundance in the body and its key role in the molecular pathways
that keep our bodies functioning. In animal studies, increasing NAD+
levels in the body has shown promising results in research areas such as
metabolic and age-related diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular
disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and diseases of general decline in
the immune system.
Another
important point of NAD+ in living organisms is that it is the energy
source of Sirtuins (an enzyme, enzyme, family) responsible for repairing
damaged DNA in living organisms. Sirtuins, also known as "guardians of
genes", play a vital role in maintaining cellular health in organisms,
and are involved in cellular stress responses and damage repair, insulin
secretion, aging processes, and neurodegeneration in organisms Internal
activities of the human body such as disease and diabetes. When the
body loses enough NAD+, Sirtuins stop repairing damaged DNA, or repair
becomes very slow, like a car that can't run without fuel. Keeping
Sirtuins alive requires NAD+.
NAD+ helps control and repair DNA damage
Decreased
NAD+ levels in the elderly are due to the accumulation of DNA damage
caused by the normal aging process resulting in lower NAD+
concentrations. This depletion is exacerbated by any further DNA damage
in the body. Almost all cells contain "molecular mechanisms" to repair
this damage. The use of this mechanism consumes large amounts of NAD+
and energy molecules.
NMN and boost immune system
As
adults age, their immune systems decline, making people more
susceptible to illness and harder to recover from illnesses like
seasonal flu or even COVID-19. Recent studies have shown that NAD+
levels play an important role in regulating inflammation and cell
survival during immune responses and aging. This study highlights the
therapeutic potential of NAD+ for immune dysfunction.
NMN and cardiac function
Raising
NAD+ levels in the body protects the heart and improves heart function.
High blood pressure can lead to an enlarged heart and blocked arteries,
which can lead to stroke. In studies using mice, NAD+ enhancers were
found to replenish NAD+ levels in the heart and prevent heart damage
caused by insufficient blood flow. Other studies have shown that NAD+
enhancers protect mice from abnormally enlarged hearts.
NMN Side Effects and Safety
NMN
is considered safe in animals, and the results are so promising that
human clinical trials have begun. The molecule is largely considered
safe and nontoxic, even at high concentrations used in mouse and human
studies.
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